Tutorial Title: Modern Design Trends for Direct-Drive Motors in Emerging Electromobility Applications

Abstract: Driven by evolving consumer preferences, stringent government regulations, and growing sustainability demands, research in electromobility — particularly electric vehicles (EVs) — has gained significant momentum. By 2040, annual sales of electric and hybrid vehicles are projected to surpass those of traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles, reaching an estimated 48 million units per year. As the core component of electric and hybrid propulsion systems, electric motor drives have become a major focus of innovation. Conventional gear-driven systems rely on mechanical transmissions to connect the propulsion motor to the wheels, which inevitably reduces overall efficiency, adds weight, and increases maintenance requirements. A compelling alternative is the direct-drive (gearless) system, which eliminates the mechanical transmission entirely. This approach frees up valuable space for larger batteries and improved passenger comfort while enabling superior control flexibility through independent wheel torque control. Advances in energy storage technologies have further accelerated progress, with high-power-density batteries now widely adopted in automotive applications. In parallel, various gearless motor drive technologies have been developed, offering higher power density and significantly reduced unsprung mass. These advantages position direct-drive systems as highly promising solutions for next-generation electric and hybrid vehicles. This tutorial presentation presents the latest advancements in gearless electric motor drives for electromobility. Drawing comparisons with conventional geared systems, it provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of key design concepts, technologies, and emerging trends in the field.